腐殖质含量对填料净化污水效能的影响

掺入与腐殖垃圾级配相同的砂配置腐殖质含量分别为1.09%、0.87%、0.65%、0.44%和0.01%的5种填料，装填0.5 m厚度的试验柱，构建人工快速渗滤系统处理生活污水，并测定饱和水力渗透系数，研究腐殖质含量对填料净化污水效能的影响。结果表明，在相同的水力负荷（1 m/d）和污染负荷下，5种腐殖质填料对COD和TP的平均去除率存在明显差异，腐殖质含量为1.09%、0.87%和0.65%的3种填料对COD的去除率较腐殖质含量为0.01%的填料均高出14%以上。腐殖质含量与TP去除率呈现正相关性。腐殖质含量最高的填料（1#）其初始K值最大达3.23×10^-2 cm/s，约为腐殖质含量最低的填料（5#）的5倍，其稳定运行时间最长。     

尾矿坝浸润线数据挖掘预测模型的样本选取研究

本文分别应用时间序列功能模型和回归模型，在原始数据的基础上建立样本，并运用支持向量回归机算法对样本进行训练，得出了尾矿坝浸润线埋深预测模型并进行了实例应用。研究证明，运用时间序列模型选取训练样本能够得出更为精确的预测结果。     

乌江流域梯级水库的氮磷分布及其滞留效率研究

河流梯级水坝建设不仅造成营养元素在水库累积,向下游的输送通量降低,而且由于对不同元素的不同拦截效率会影响到元素的计量关系,从而影响水库生态系统和水质变化。为了厘清水库对N、P的拦截效率,本研究于2013~2015年分三次对乌江流域七个大型梯级水库水体总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度进行了采样分析,探讨了不同梯级水库中氮磷营养元素的分布及其滞留效率。结果发现,乌江流域各梯级水库中TN浓度从上游到下游有逐级降低的趋势,每一级水库拦截了2%~13%的氮。乌江流域梯级水库较低的生产力和较高的氧浓度使其对TP的拦截效率更高,但水库较低的TP浓度使得拦截效果容易受到外源P输入的抵消。水库对TN、TP的拦截效率差异导致水库N/P比值发生了明显变化,因而在流域管理控制N、P的方法选择上应充分考虑这一自然过程的影响。     

填料在净化污水过程中渗透性能变化趋势的研究

选取腐殖垃圾和砂以及两者质量比分别为4:1、3:2、2:3的混合物共5种填料,在1.0 m/d的水力负荷下,进行人工快速渗滤系统净化生活污水的试验,研究填料在进水过程中渗透性能的变化趋势.结果表明,腐殖垃圾的初始饱和水力渗透系数(K)最大,为3.32×10-2cm/s,而砂的初始K只有5.14×10-3cm/s,腐殖垃圾含量越大的混合物其仞始K也越大.在净化污水的过程中,5种填料的K逐渐减小,腐殖垃圾含量越大的混合物其K降幅也越大.随着进水时间的延长,各个填料柱填料层50～250 mm处的水头损失占总水头损失(填料层50～450mm处)的比例均逐渐增加,最终各个填料柱均发生堵塞,堵塞均发生在填料层50mm以上范围内.     

侧沟式膜泥法一体化OCO工艺中水力停留时间对脱氮除碳的影响

在传统OCO工艺基础上设计了一体化OCO工艺，在厌氧区放置填料，将二沉池和生物反应器合建，并就水力停留时间(HRT)对生物反应器脱氮除碳的影响进行研究。在进水COD为260～360 mg/L，好氧区DO为2 mg/L左右，缺氧区<0.5 mg/L，MLSS为4 500 mg/L左右时，分别研究了不同HRT下的脱氮除碳效果。研究结果表明：随着HRT的逐渐增大，出水COD值无明显波动，COD去除率达到90%以上，出水氨氮随着HRT的增大而降低；但仅当HRT为12 h左右时，氨氮和总氮均有良好的去除效果，去除率分别可达到93%和80%。     

Ca2+在净水生物膜团聚体培养中的影响研究

通过在5组相同型号的SBBR反应器(A、B、C、D和E)内调节进水中的Ca2+含量,研究Ca2+在净水生物膜团聚体培养过程的作用影响.结果表明,进水Ca2+投加浓度为25 mg/L时驯化培养的生物膜团聚体具有较好的抗挤压能力,抗压强度达到了22 N/cm2,密度为1.059 g/cm3,活性微生物的百分含量达到了86.90%,远远高于一般污泥团聚体中的微生物含量.分析运行效果,反应器C和D的生物膜团聚体通过29 d的驯化培养就达到了一个比较好的净水效果,并能维持稳定状态,相比于一般生物膜反应器的驯化时间有所缩短.不同进水负荷条件下氮氮的去除率变化表明,反应器C和D针对不同进水负荷表现出来的适应效果明显优于其他反应器.     

复杂地铁工程施工安全控制技术研究

北京地铁5号线崇文门站为国内首次在既有地铁隧道下方采用暗挖法施工的地铁车站,施工期间要保证既有地铁线路的正常运营,因此施工难度和风险极大。施工前对既有地铁结构进行了安全评估,根据评估结果并结合相关规范制定了既有线结构变形的安全控制标准。在施工风险分析的基础上,结合数值模拟计算确定了柱洞法施工方案,并辅以降水、超前大管幕和注浆等辅助技术措施,同时采用远程自动监测系统实时监控既有线的动态变化,对施工中既有线结构出现的异常变形进行了及时处理,最终地铁车站成功建成,并确保了既有地铁结构的安全和线路的正常运营。     

Sewage treatment by vermifiltration with synchronous treatment of sludge by earthworms: a low-cost sustainable technology over conventional systems with potential for decentralization

Earthworms’ body works as a ‘biofilter’ and they have been found to remove the 5 days’ BOD (BOD₅) by over 90%, COD by 80–90%, total dissolved solids (TDS) by 90–92%, and the total suspended solids (TSS) by 90–95% from wastewater by the general mechanism of ‘ingestion’ and biodegradation of organic wastes, heavy metals, and solids from wastewater and also by their ‘absorption’ through body walls. Earthworms increase the hydraulic conductivity and natural aeration by granulating the clay particles. They also grind the silt and sand particles, increasing the total specific surface area, which enhances the ability to ‘adsorb’ the organics and inorganic from the wastewater. Intensification of soil processes and aeration by the earthworms enable the soil stabilization and filtration system to become effective and smaller in size. Suspended solids are trapped on top of the vermifilter and processed by earthworms and fed to the soil microbes immobilized in the vermifilter. There is no sludge formation in the process which requires additional expenditure on landfill disposal. This is also an odor-free process and the resulting vermifiltered water is clean and disinfected enough to be reused for farm irrigation and in parks and gardens G. Bharambe—GU & Research Assistant (Under Rajiv K. Sinha), U. Chaudhari—GU (Worked on vermiculture project).     

鞍山大气中有机氯农药的污染特征研究

布设鞍钢工业区6个点位,周边2个点位,居民区2个点位和千山对照点等11个点位,分别在采暖期和非采暖期测定大气中有机氯农药的含量,掌握了鞍山市大气中有机氯农药空间和时间变化趋势。全年有机氯农药各组分和ΣOPC浓度最高的功能区均为工业区周边,最低的功能区是千山对照点,六六六、滴滴涕和ΣOPC浓度变化趋势为工业区周边工业区居住区千山对照点,全市各功能区采暖期有机氯农药各组分和ΣOPC总浓度均高于非采暖期。     

Combined effects of exposure time and copper toxicity on the demography of Moina macrocopa (Crustacea: Cladocera)

Cohort life table experiments were conducted on M. macrocopa using copper at three nominal concentrations (as CuSO₄, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg L^{? 1}, in addition to controls) for different periods of exposure (3 to 24 h). Age-specific survivorship of M. macrocopa decreased in relation to age of the cohort, concentration and duration of exposure to copper. Age-specific life expectancy curves also decreased with increasing age of the cohort. However, at low copper levels and shorter exposure time, there was an increase in life expectancy when the cohort was about 10 day old. Fecundity (m _x ) was nearly regular in controls; however, at higher copper levels and longer duration of exposure, the offspring production was more oscillating. The offspring production completely ceased when continuously exposed to CuSO₄ at 0.4 mg L^{? 1}. Most of the measured demography variables significantly decreased with increasing concentration of Cu in the medium. The average lifespan and life expectancy at birth varied 2.9 to 9.6 and 2.4 to 9.1 days, respectively. Gross reproductive rate (GRR) varied from 31 to 89 offspring female^{? 1} lifespan^{? 1}, while the survival-weighted net reproductive rates were nearly one-third of the GRR. Generation time of M. macrocopa varied from 5 to 7 days while the rate of population increase ranged from 0.36 to 0.84 per day. The results are discussed in relation to the sensitivity of M. macrocopa to copper toxicity and the necessity of amending the national water quality criteria in Mexico.